Ozone is a gas that is formed in the
atmosphere when three atoms of oxygen combine. Naturally occurring
ozone is found high in the stratosphere surrounding
the earth and in ground-level ambient air. Stratospheric ozone forms
high in the atmosphere when intense sunlight causes oxygen molecules
(O2) to break up and re-form as ozone molecules (O3). Popularly called
"good ozone," it shields people, trees, crops, property,
and microorganisms from the harmful effects of the sun's ultraviolet
light. One way that ozone forms low in the atmosphere, at ground level,
is when certain substances emitted by trees and other vegetation,
soil microorganisms, and lightning react together to form low, background
concentrations of ozone. If ground-level ozone were produced only
from natural sources of emissions, it would be of no concern. Both
animal and plant life tolerate natural background concentrations of
ozone. But many contemporary human activities result in emissions
of additional chemical compounds, called precursors, that also react
in the air to form ozone or "bad ozone" and other harmful
gases. These activities include transportation, energy production
and some industrial and commercial operations.
Ozone pollution is a key component
of smog. It is mainly a daytime problem during the summer months.
Strong sunlight and hot weather causes ground level ozone to form
in harmful concentrations in the air. Ozone is not emitted directly
into the air. Instead it is formed in sunlight, which initiates a
series of complex atmospheric chemical reactions. These reactions
primarily involve nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions, called precursors. At ground level, ozone can harm
plants and other materials through a process called oxidation. For
these reasons, ozone is called a photochemical oxidant. NOx is produced
almost entirely as a by-product of high-temperature combustion.
Common sources of NOx include automobiles, trucks, and marine vessels,
construction equipment, and power generation. VOCs include many organic
chemicals that vaporize easily, such as those found in gasoline and
solvents. They are emitted from many sources, including gasoline stations,
motor vehicles, airplanes, petroleum storage tanks and oil refineries.
In addition, biogenic, or natural emissions from trees and plants,
are a major source of VOCs. The concentration of ozone in the air
is determined not only by the amounts of ozone precursor chemicals,
but also by weather and climate factors. Intense sunlight, warm temperatures,
stagnant high-pressure weather systems, and low wind speeds cause
ozone to accumulate in harmful amounts..
Tips to "Do Your Share for Cleaner
Air" throughout the Ozone Season
 Although
unreasonable depending on where you live, try to limit how much you
drive or try not to drive at all. As an alternative to driving, consider
walking or riding your bike when making short trips. Carpool or ride
the bus to work.
Because most vehicle emissions occur when an automobile’s engine is
cold, minimize “cold starts” by combining car trips during the winter.
Avoid quick acceleration while driving, as fast starts use more gasoline
than slow ones.
If possible, avoid excessive idling in your car by driving during
off-peak hours to avoid traffic. Also try to avoid areas with highway
construction and do not use drive-through windows at fast food restaurants.
Drive your lowest emission vehicle, usually your newest and most fuel-efficient
car.
Refuel your car in the evening when the temperature is cooler. Avoid
spilling gasoline, and check to make sure your gas cap seals properly.
Properly maintain your vehicle by getting regularly scheduled tune
– ups to ensure your car is working efficiently.
Keep your car in the garage when it is not in use. Garages reduce
day/night temperature swings that can cause gasoline vapors to escape
from your gas tank into the atmosphere.
Lawn care machines produce a significant amount of pollution—one hour
of operation equals about 50 miles of car driving. Don’t mow your
lawn or use gas powered equipment during the mornings of Air Pollution
Watch Days. Instead, use electric or hand powered models.
Use oil-based paints, varnishes, degreasers, or lighter fluids sparingly,
as these substances are harmful to the air and humans.
Color |
Index
|
Cautionary
Statements |
Air
Quality |
| Green |
0-50 |
None |
Good |
| Yellow |
51-100 |
Unusually sensitive people should
consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion. |
Moderate |
| Orange |
101-150 |
Active children and adults,and
people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit
prolonged outdoor exertion. |
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
|
| Red |
151-200 |
Active children and adults,and
people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid
prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children,
should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. |
Unhealthy |
| Purple |
201-300 |
Active children and adults, and
people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid
all outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should
limit outdoor exertion. |
Very Unhealthy |
|
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